Effect Of Water-soluble Polymers Research Articles

Review of advanced cementitious composites using water soluble polymer based admixture

AbstractThis paper offers a thorough unfolding of the many contributions that water‐soluble polymers (WSPs) play in cementitious composites. The several forms of WSPs—natural, semi‐synthetic, and artificial—are examined, and their methods of action in cementitious composites are investigated. The topics of binding, association, adhesion, complexation, and bridge creation are covered in the literature. The effects of WSPs on the microstructure, freshness, mechanical properties, and durability of cement‐based goods are also investigated in this review. The advantages and disadvantages of utilizing WSPs in cement‐based products are also discussed. Following a detailed analysis of the most significant findings, recommendations are made for both academic and practical research areas and applications. This study provides useful information for both experts and novices by elucidating the multi‐applications of WSPs in cementitious materials.

Effect of water-soluble polymers on the transport of functional group-modified polystyrene nanoplastics in goethite-coated saturated porous media

The research on the impact of water-soluble polymers (WSPs) on the migration and fate of plastic particles is extremely limited. This article explored the effects of polyacrylic acid (PAA, a common WSP) and physicochemical factors on the transport of polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs-NH2/COOH) with different functional groups in QS (quartz sand) and FOS (goethite-modified quartz sand, simulates mineral colloids). Research has shown that PAA can selectively adsorb onto the surface of PSNPs-NH2, forming ecological corona heterogeneous aggregates. This process increased the spatial hindrance and elastic repulsion, resulting in the recovery of PSNPs-NH2 always exceeding that of PSNPs-COOH. Overall, PAA can hinder the migration of PSNPs in QS but can promote their migration in FOS. When multivalent cations coexist with PAA, the transport of PSNPs in the media is primarily affected by cation bridging and CH-cation-π interaction. The presence of oxyanions and PAA prevents PSNPs from following the Hofmeister rule and promotes their migration (PO43-: 82.34 ± 0.16% to 94.63 ± 2.82%>SO42-: 81.38 ± 2.73% to 91.15 ± 0.93%>NO3-: 55.85 ± 0.70%−87.16 ± 3.80%). The findings of this study contribute significantly to a better understanding of the migration of WSPs and group-modified NPs in complex saturated porous media.

Effect of Water-Soluble Polymers on the Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide Sorption by Lime-Based Sorbents

Effect of Water-Soluble Polymers on the Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide Sorption by Lime-Based Sorbents

The effect of water-soluble polymers on the dynamics of carbon dioxide sorption by lime sorbents

The effect of water-soluble polymers with different structure on the sorption properties of nonregenerable lime sorbents of carbon dioxide was studied. It was found that the introduction of water-soluble polymers into the sorbents could either decrease or increase the protective power time of the sorbents. To explain the revealed regularities, pore structure of the sorbents was investigated, molecular-dynamic modeling of the carbon dioxide transport was performed, and CO2 diffusion coefficients in water-polymer solutions were calculated. The results of the modeling correlate with the sorption experiment data: a high dynamic sorption capacity of the sorbent is reached after adding a water-polymer medium with a high CO2 diffusion coefficient. The results obtained can be used both to optimize the systems for the recovery of carbon dioxide from gas mixtures and to intensify mass transfer in the systems intended for photo- and electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to useful products.

Effects of water-soluble polymers dissolved in an aqueous secondary fluid on the rheological properties of “capillary” suspensions

Effects of water-soluble polymers dissolved in an aqueous secondary fluid on the rheological properties of “capillary” suspensions

Effect of water-soluble polymers on the performance of dust-suppression foams: Wettability, surface viscosity and stability

Foam dust suppression is an important way to control dust hazards. Polymers are believed to be able to change foam properties. To investigate the effect of polymers addition to foaming agent solution on the key dust-suppression performance of the foam, tests were conducted by measuring and comparing the contact angle, viscous modulus and foam-drainage rate of several different surfactant/polymer solutions, which can characterize the wettability, surface viscosity and stability of foam. The results show that the polymer (HEC, HPAM, PVA) addition increased the contact angle between the liquid and coal dust by increasing the surface tension of the surfactant solution. The variation is more obvious with an increase in polymer concentration (especially over 0.3 wt.‰); simultaneously, the polymer increases the surface viscosity of the foaming agent solution significantly, and slows down the foam-drainage rate, which is advantageous for increasing the foam stability. Because of the variation, the low concentration of polymer (0.1–0.3 wt.‰) has a weak influence on the wetting ability of the foaming agent while improves the surface viscosity and stability of foam significantly, which is an improvement in terms of the dust-suppressing ability of foams.

English

The aim of this study was to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) by preparing the inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD) and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). The effect of the type of cyclodextrins used for the preparation of complexes, on the in vitro dissolution profiles and solubilities in different mediums (pH 4.5 and 7.0) was also evaluated. The interaction between SMZ and cyclodextrins in solution was studied by the phase-solubility method. Inclusion complexation was confirmed by the results from the studies of infrared spectoroscopy (IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of water-soluble polymers, that is, polyethylene glycols 4000, 10000, 20000 and non-ionic surfactants, that is, polysorbate 20, 40 and 60 on the complexation of SMZ with CDs were also investigated by the same methods. The rates of release of the active material from the complexes were determined from dissolution studies using USP XXII paddle method. As a result of this study, it was found that the solubility of SMZ was significantly enhanced by inclusion of β-CD, especially when the water soluble additives are added (from 0.086 to 0.377 mg/ml with SMZ:β-CD:PEG20000). Key words: Cyclodextrins, sulfamethoxazole, solubility, dissolution rate.

Study on the Mechanism of Micro-Defect Reduction during Si Final Polishing with Water-Soluble Polymers

The effect of water-soluble polymer in alkaline slurry on the micro-defect during Si final polishing was investigated. With the concentration of hydroxyethyl cellulose (polymer A) 0.15wt% and polyoxyethylene ether (polymer B) 0.05wt%, Haze value and the number of micro-defects (larger than 120nm) were reduced to 0.01 ppm and 7, respectively, on a 300mm silicon wafer surface. Also, the surface roughness was reduced from 17.2 to 0.153nm. Through the comprehensive analysis of slurry viscosity and Zeta Potential measurement, the mechanism of water-soluble polymers for micro-defect reduction during Si final polishing was discussed. Polymer B coated on the surface of SiO2 particle forming a “soft shell”, which functions as a “soft abrasive” and thus reduces friction between wafer surface and slurry abrasives. As for polymer A, the O atomic of -OH group in polymer A molecular could combine with Si-H bond on the surface of silicon wafer to form the hydrogen bond, like Si-H…O bond. As such, polymer A can be adsorbed on the surface of the silicon wafer to form a hydration film, which also can reduce friction between wafer surface and slurry abrasives/pad asperities. With the joint action of polymer A and polymer B, as experimental results showed, the number of micro-defects and Haze value in Si final polishing process can be significantly reduced.

Surface-active properties and physiological activity of systems chitosan succinamide–surface-active substance

The effect of water-soluble polymer—chitosan succinamide—on surface activity of such commonly used surfactants as anionic sodium dodecylsulfate and nonionic TWEEN-80 is investigated. It is shown that the combined use of sodium dodecylsulfate and TWEEN-80 with chitosan succinamide increases the surface activity of the investigated surfactants. It is found that the association of chitosan succinamide with sodium dodecylsulfate or TWEEN-80 begins at concentrations an order of magnitude lower than the critical micelle concentration of studied surfactants. The fact of reduction in the dynamic viscosity of the solution of chitosan succinamide in the presence of both ionic and nonionic surfactants, apparently owing to the formation of polymer-colloid complexes, is revealed. The obtained systems have a stabilizing effect on the membrane of red blood cells in stringent hypotonic conditions, which may indicate a decrease in the adverse effect of surfactants on the skin.

Effect of water soluble polymers on formation of Na2SO4 contained SiO2 microcapsules by W/O emulsion for latent heat storage

Synthesis of microcapsulation of Na2SO4·10H2O for latent heat storage using water-in-oil (W/O) was proposed. Effect of water soluble polymers such as polyethyleneimie (PEI), poly (acrylic acid) (PAA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on formation of Na2SO4 contained SiO2 microcapsule was investigated. These polymers were added in the water phase with Na2SO4 aq. and Tween 20 as a surfactant. To increase stability of the W/O emulsion, Span 80 as a surfactant and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as thickner were also added in 1-octaol as oil phase. The stable W/O emulsion promotes SiO2 shell formation at a W/O interface. PEI and PAA, which have positively and negatively ionized groups, didn’t capsulate Na2SO4. They have strong interactions between Na+ or SO42− and COO− or N+, which prevent from stable W/O emulsion. PEG, PVA, and PVP successfully formed SiO2 microcapsules including Na2SO4, which were confirmed by an elemental analysis. Although there were no large difference in Na2SO4 content in the PEG, PVA, and PVP-derived microcapsules, the heat storage amount of the PEG-derived microcapsule was the best in the three. Heat resistance of the PEG-derived microcapsule was much higher than those of the PVA and PVP-derived ones, therefore, it seems that interactions between Na2SO4·10H2O and the polymers affect reactions between dehydration and hydration. The other difference of PEG with PVA and PVP seems to be affinity with Tween 20. PEG has high affinity with Tween 20 due to similar chemical structure compared to the other two. It is thought that PEG surrounds Na+ and SO42− including much amount of H2O, and Tween 20 can additionally cover PEG/Na+, SO42−, and H2O. Because of such designed structure, dehydrated Na2SO4 hydrates with H2O near itself to form quasi Na2SO4·10H2O during cooling process. That is why PEG-derived microcapsule exhibited high heat storage performance.

Effect of Condensed Media on the Luminescent Characteristics of Lanthanide Complexes

The effect condensed media based on water-soluble polymers (WSPs) have on the luminescence of Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes with derivatives of benzoic acid and β-diketones is investigated. The effect of WSPs is found to depend on the ratio between the triplet energy levels of polymers and ligands. The most intense luminescence is observed in WSP films. The possibility of a proportional increase in the intensity of Ln3+ luminescence in WSP solutions over a wider range of concentrations than in an aqueous solution, and of a considerable increase in Ln3+ luminescence in WSP solutions and films in the presence of d- and f-element quenchers, is established.

Ternary Inclusion Complex of Paliperidone with β-Cyclodextrin and Hydrophilic Polymer for Solubility and Dissolution Enhancement

The present study was aimed to improve aqueous solubility and dissolution behavior of a poorly water-soluble antipsychotic drug, Paliperidone (PLDN), through the formation of inclusion complexes with beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The effect of water soluble polymer on the complexation efficiency and solubilizing ability of β-CD was investigated using Kollidon-30 (KDN) as a ternary component. The binary complex of PLDN: β-CD was prepared by co-precipitation method in 1:1 molar ratio and ternary complex was prepared analogously to the binary complex containing 0.3% of KDN. The solid state characterization of the complexes was carried out using DSC, FTIR, XRPD, and SEM studies. The phase solubility study carried out according to the Higuchi and Connors method revealed an increase in complexation efficiency of β-CD due to addition of KDN. Saturation solubility and in vitro dissolution studies of complexes showed that the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of drug were improved substantially compared to drug alone. The ternary complex resulted more solubility enhancement and drug release compared to binary complexes. In conclusion, the addition of KDN to the binary system of PLDN:β-CD has a synergistic effect on the solubility enhancement ability of β-CD. Hence, ternary complexation can be used as a novel approach for solubility enhancement of PLDN.

Synergistic Stabilization of Emulsions and Emulsion Gels with Water-Soluble Polymers and Cellulose Nanocrystals

The effect of water-soluble polymers on the properties of Pickering emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was investigated. Pretreatment of CNCs with excess adsorbing polymer, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) or methyl cellulose (MC), gave smaller and more stable dodecane-in-water emulsion droplets compared to either polymer or CNCs alone, i.e., synergistic stabilization. By contrast, dextran, which does not adsorb on CNCs, gave unstable emulsions, with or without CNCs. CNCs with HEC or MC produced emulsions that showed no significant creaming or phase separation over several months. Interfacial tension, quartz crystal microbalance and confocal laser scanning microscopy measurements indicate that both HEC and MC are surface active and adsorb onto CNCs. 75% of the oil–water interface is covered by CNC particles coated with HEC or MC and the remaining interface is stabilized by HEC or MC chains not bound to cellulose. Viscoelastic emulsion gels were also produced by adding excess MC to the CNC-H...

The effects of water soluble polymers on paper coating consolidation

Abstract The consolidation process of wet paper coating layers has been generally divided into several stages by the definitions of first critical concentration (FCC) and second critical concentration (SCC), however few works have been done on the kinetics of water expelled during drying and its influence on the critical concentrations. In this paper, the effects of three kinds of water soluble polymers, i.e., carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and modified coating starch, on the consolidation of model kaolin clay-latex coatings were investigated. On-line water evaporation loss rate, together with the level of FCC and time needed to reach FCC, was characterized. The results showed that water evaporation loss weight increased almost linearly with drying time during the initial wet coating layer consolidation stage. On-line water evaporation rate and the value of FCC decreased with water soluble polymers addition, while the time needed to reach FCC became longer. Among the three polymers studied, CMC was the most effective, then PVA and starch.

Modeling of the acoustic absorption of bi-modal polylactide foams

In this study, highly porous bi-modal structures were designed and fabricated from polylactide (PLA) as the main structure and utilizing polyethylene glycol (PEG) to form micro pores by compression molding combined with particulate leaching technique. The pore size of the foam structure was controlled by salt particulates and higher interconnectivity was achieved by the co-continuous blending morphology of PLA matrix with water-soluble PEG. This fabrication method makes it possible to control pore geometry and interconnectivity closely and therefore is an ideal approach to study the relation between microstructure and acoustic properties of the foams. PLA is a bio-based thermoplastic polymer derived from renewable resources. Therefore, the resulting acoustic foams are benign and environmentally friendly. Fabricated foams were characterized based on cellular, acoustic, and mechanical properties. The acoustic performance of the foams was studied by measuring the normal incident absorption coefficient in accordance with the ASTM E1050 standard. An analytical model based on Johnson–Champoux–Allard model was used to numerically simulate the acoustic performance of foams under study. Numerical results predict the absorption behavior of PLA foams with high accuracy. Through this research, open porosities close to 90% were achieved, and the effect of water soluble polymer on cellular properties, acoustic and mechanical performance of polylactide foams was studied.

Structure Formation of the Surface Layer of Soil as a Way to Prevent a Wind and Water Erosion

The present work describes the results of a study of structuring ability of water-soluble polymers such as polydimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride, saponification product of polyacrylonitrile (uniflok) and their interpolymer complex. On the kinetics of growth of Rehbinder’s plastic durability of coagulation structure of soil concentrated suspensions the effect of water soluble polymers and interpolymer complexes on the structure formation in the dispersions was studied. It was determined that the process is a two-step process which was caused by the adsorption step process: the binding of macromolecules with the soil surface by the random segments and conformational changes of macromolecules in the adsorbed layer. It was found that the soil stability structured by polymers against wind and water erosion increased with the concentration of water-soluble polymers. This is due to the increase of the structure formation in concentrated suspensions of soil in the presence of water soluble polymers. On the basis of the results it can be concluded that the treatment of mineral dispersions by water-soluble polymers alone or in the form of the interpolymer complex leads to a significant reduction of dust-and run-off of soil particles. The PDMDAAC/uniflok interpolymer complex in comparison with polymers reduces intensively the deflation which has a great economic and ecological importance.

Enhanced skin permeation of piroxicam and pranoprofen induced from nanoparticles dispersed in propylene glycol aqueous solution

The effects of water-soluble polymers on nanoparticle formation of piroxicam and pranoprofen were investigated. We also studied the effects of propylene glycol (PG) concentration in PG aqueous solution on skin permeation of the drugs from nanoparticles. Physical mixtures (PMs) of the drug, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (weight ratio, 1:3:1) were ground for 90 min in a vibrational rod mill to prepare ground mixtures (GMs). The particle sizes of the GM suspensions in distilled water were 76 nm for piroxicam and 146 nm for pranoprofen, respectively. It was found that the permeation of piroxicam and pranoprofen through hairless mouse skin was significantly increased when the ternary GMs were suspended in PG aqueous solution; however, no enhanced permeation was observed with drug/HPMC binary GMs. Because the piroxicam/SDS binary GM caused skin damage, a ternary GM was critical for increasing the skin permeation of poorly water-soluble drugs. The skin permeation of piroxicam and pranoprofen could be attributed to their supersaturation in suspension due to nanoparticle formation. The skin permeation of piroxicam from the GM suspension was independent of PG concentration in PG aqueous solution, but that of pranoprofen increased with PG concentration in PG aqueous solution. This difference can be attributed to the different solubilities of piroxicam and pranoprofen in PG aqueous solution.

Effect of water-soluble polymers, polyethylene glycol and poly(vinylpyrrolidone), on the gelation of aqueous micellar solutions of Pluronic copolymer F127

The micellization of F127 (E98P67E98) in dilute aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG6000 and PEG35000) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP K30 and PVP K90) is studied. The average hydrodynamic radius (rh,app) obtained from the dynamic light scattering technique increased with increase in PEG concentration but decreased on addition of PVP, results which are consistent with interaction of the micelles with PEG and the formation of micelles clusters, but no such interaction occurs with PVP. Tube inversion was used to determine the onset of gelation. The critical concentration of F127 for gelation increased on addition of PEG and of PVP K30 but decreased on addition of PVP K90. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to show that the 30wt% F127 gel structure (fcc) was independent of polymer type and concentration, as was the d-spacing and so the micelle hard-sphere radius. The maximum elastic modulus (Gmax′) of 30wt% F127 decreased from its value for water alone as PEG was added, but was little changed by adding PVP. These results are consistent with the packed-micelles in the 30wt% F127 gel being effectively isolated from the polymer solution on the microscale while, especially for the PEG, being mixed on the macroscale.

Enhancement of dissolution rate and bioavailability of sulfamethoxazole by complexation with β-cyclodextrin

The purpose of this study was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) with inclusion compound of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The interaction between SMZ and β-CD in solution was studied by the phase-solubility method. The phase-solubility studies revealed the formation of inclusion complexes with poor solubility with an inclusion complex of 1:1 molar ratio and a stability constant of 122.3 M−1. The solid complexes of SMZ with β-CD were prepared by using kneading and coprecipitation methods. The physical mixture of these chemicals was also prepared for comparison. Inclusion complexation was confirmed by the results from the studies of infrared spectoroscopy (IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of water-soluble polymers i.e., polyethylene glycol 20000 and non-ionic surfactants i.e., polysorbate 20 on the complexation of SMZ with β-CD was also investigated by the same methods. The rates of release of the active material from the complexes were determined from dissolution studies using USP XXII paddle method. The formulation, that provided delivery of active material near to the target value in six healthy volunteers and in vivo tests, clearly revealed that the bioavailability of active material was found to be enhanced by preparing ternary mixtures.

Effect of water soluble polymers on the early age shrinkage of cementitious composites by using the ring test method

The effect of water soluble polymers (WSP) on the shrinkage deformation at an early age is reported in this paper. Commercially available hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) with two different molecular weights was employed in the cementitious composites with various mixing ratios. A restrained shrinkage test was conducted with a steel ring in accordance with ASTM C1581-04. In addition to the steel ring's strain, the surface tension, viscosity, internal relative humidity (RH) and crack propagation were also investigated. The polymer-modified cementitious composites were found to be effective in reducing the crack tendency by extending the age at cracking in comparison to the control mixture. The test results also illustrated that the age at cracking significantly correlated with the restrained strain and the stress development, which were influenced by the relative humidity of the cementitious composite. The higher relative humidity that was maintained in the WSP specimen at an early age was due to the modified pore solution's viscosity. Both the viscosity and the surface tension of the pore solution were two major factors that affected the stress rate. A higher internal relative humidity and a lower surface tension contributed to a smaller stress rate. Nevertheless, the computed crack strain of the WSP showed no relationship to the cracking tendency.